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目录+相关阅读+示例业务背景介绍+一、筛选操作符+结果：1、引⽤器筛选+2、类型筛选OfType+二、投影操作符+1、Select+子句+结果：对应的lambda表达式+2、复合的From子句+三、let子句+四、
目录
- 相关阅读
- 示例业务背景介绍
- 一、筛选操作符
- 结果：
- 1、索引器筛选
- 2、类型筛选OfType
- 二、投影操作符
- 1、Select 子句
- 结果：
- 相应的lambda表达式：
- 2、复合的From子句
- 三、let子句
- 四、排序操作符
- 使用ThenBy() 和 ThenByDescending() 方法继续排序进行二次排序
- 五、分组操作符
- 1、对嵌套的对象分组
- 2、多字段分组
- 3、分组后再每组里面仅取满足条件的行
相关阅读
C#使用LINQ查询操作符实例代码(一)
C#使用LINQ查询操作符实例代码(二)
示例业务背景介绍
示例参考《C#高级编程（第六版）》LINQ章节（P267 - P296），进行改编。
打开示例代码我们看到：
1、Racer.cs车手冠军信息类
定义一级方程式世界车手冠军信息。
2、Team.cs车队冠军信息类
定义一级方程式世界车队冠军信息。
3、Formula1.cs 一级方程式类
包含两个重要静态方法：（F1是"Formula One"的缩写）
- GetChampions()：返回一组车手列表。这个列表包含了1950到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车手冠军。
- GetContructorChampions()：返回一组车队列表。这个列表包含了1985到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车队冠军。
[Serializable] public class Racer : IComparable<Racer>, IFormattable, IEquatable<Racer> { public string FirstName { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public int Wins { get; set; } public string Country { get; set; } public int Starts { get; set; } public string[] Cars { get; set; } public int[] Years { get; set; } public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) { switch (format) { case null: case "N": return ToString(); case "F": return FirstName; case "L": return LastName; case "C": return Country; case "S": return Starts.ToString(); case "W": return Wins.ToString(); case "A": return String.Format("{0} {1}, {2}; starts: {3}, wins: {4}", FirstName, LastName, Country, Starts, Wins); default: throw new FormatException(String.Format( "Format {0} not supported", format)); } } public bool Equals(Racer other) { return this.FirstName == other.FirstName && this.LastName == other.LastName; } public int CompareTo(Racer other) { return this.LastName.CompareTo(other.LastName); } public string ToString(string format) { return ToString(format, null); } public override string ToString() { return String.Format("{0} {1}", FirstName, LastName); } } public class Team { public string Name { get; set; } public int[] Years { get; set; } } public class Formula1 { //返回车手冠军列表 public static List<Racer> GetChampions() { List<Racer> racers = new List<Racer>(40); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nino", LastName = "Farina", Country = "Italy", Starts = 33, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1950 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alberto", LastName = "Ascari", Country = "Italy", Starts = 32, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1952, 1953 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Juan Manuel", LastName = "Fangio", Country = "Argentina", Starts = 51, Wins = 24, Years = new int[] { 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo", "Maserati", "Mercedes", "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mike", LastName = "Hawthorn", Country = "UK", Starts = 45, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1958 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Phil", LastName = "Hill", Country = "USA", Starts = 48, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1961 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "John", LastName = "Surtees", Country = "UK", Starts = 111, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1964 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Clark", Country = "UK", Starts = 72, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jack", LastName = "Brabham", Country = "Australia", Starts = 125, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960, 1966 }, Cars = new string[] { "Cooper", "Brabham" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Denny", LastName = "Hulme", Country = "New Zealand", Starts = 112, Wins = 8, Years = new int[] { 1967 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Graham", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 176, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1962, 1968 }, Cars = new string[] { "BRM", "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jochen", LastName = "Rindt", Country = "Austria", Starts = 60, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1970 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jackie", LastName = "Stewart", Country = "UK", Starts = 99, Wins = 27, Years = new int[] { 1969, 1971, 1973 }, Cars = new string[] { "Matra", "Tyrrell" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Emerson", LastName = "Fittipaldi", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 143, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1972, 1974 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus", "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "James", LastName = "Hunt", Country = "UK", Starts = 91, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1976 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mario", LastName = "Andretti", Country = "USA", Starts = 128, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1978 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jody", LastName = "Scheckter", Country = "South Africa", Starts = 112, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1979 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alan", LastName = "Jones", Country = "Australia", Starts = 115, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1980 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Keke", LastName = "Rosberg", Country = "Finland", Starts = 114, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1982 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Niki", LastName = "Lauda", Country = "Austria", Starts = 173, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1975, 1977, 1984 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari", "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nelson", LastName = "Piquet", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 204, Wins = 23, Years = new int[] { 1981, 1983, 1987 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham", "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Ayrton", LastName = "Senna", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 161, Wins = 41, Years = new int[] { 1988, 1990, 1991 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nigel", LastName = "Mansell", Country = "UK", Starts = 187, Wins = 31, Years = new int[] { 1992 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alain", LastName = "Prost", Country = "France", Starts = 197, Wins = 51, Years = new int[] { 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren", "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Damon", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 114, Wins = 22, Years = new int[] { 1996 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jacques", LastName = "Villeneuve", Country = "Canada", Starts = 165, Wins = 11, Years = new int[] { 1997 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mika", LastName = "Hakkinen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 160, Wins = 20, Years = new int[] { 1998, 1999 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Schumacher", Country = "Germany", Starts = 250, Wins = 91, Years = new int[] { 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 }, Cars = new string[] { "Benetton", "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Fernando", LastName = "Alonso", Country = "Spain", Starts = 105, Wins = 19, Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 }, Cars = new string[] { "Renault" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Kimi", LastName = "Räikkönen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 122, Wins = 15, Years = new int[] { 2007 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); return racers; } //返回车队冠军列表 public static List<Team> GetContructorChampions() { List<Team> teams = new List<Team>(20); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Vanwall", Years = new int[] { 1958 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Cooper", Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Ferrari", Years = new int[] { 1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "BRM", Years = new int[] { 1962 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Lotus", Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1978 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Brabham", Years = new int[] { 1966, 1967 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Matra", Years = new int[] { 1969 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Tyrrell", Years = new int[] { 1971 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "McLaren", Years = new int[] { 1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Williams", Years = new int[] { 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Benetton", Years = new int[] { 1995 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Renault", Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 } }); return teams; } }
一、筛选操作符
where子句合并多个表达式。 根据条件返回匹配元素的集合IEnumerable。
业务说明：找出赢得至少15场比赛的英国和奥地利赛车手。
var racers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() where r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria") select r; foreach (var racer in racers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
下面代码有Where扩展方法Where和Select调用。
var racers = Formula1.GetChampions(). Where(r => r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria")). Select(r => r);
结果：
//Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25
//Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23
//Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41
1、索引器筛选
索引是筛选器返回的每个结果的计数器。下面由Where扩展方法调用， 使用索引返回。
业务说明：找出上述的、索引为偶数的赛车手
var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .Where((r, index)=> r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria") && index % 2 != 0) .Select(r => r);
结果：
Nelson Piquet
2、类型筛选OfType
基于类型筛选，使用 OfType 扩展方法。
业务说明：取出下面所有int类型的参数
object[] data = { "one", 1, 2, "li" }; var query = data.OfType<int>(); foreach (var intValue in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0}", intValue); } //1 //2
例2：取出下面racer类型的值
IList mixedList = new ArrayList(); mixedList.Add( Formula1.GetChampions()[0]); mixedList.Add(Formula1.GetContructorChampions()[0]); mixedList.Add("Two"); mixedList.Add(3); var query = mixedList.OfType<Racer>(); foreach (var item in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0}", item); }
二、投影操作符
1、Select 子句
将序列的每个元素经过lambda表达式处理后投影到一个新类型元素上。
（与SelectMany不同在于，若单个元素投影到IEnumerable，Select不会对多个IEnumerable进行合并）
用Select方法创建匿名类型
var query2 = Formula1.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .Select(g => new { Group = g, Count = g.Count() }) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count) .ThenBy(g => g.Group.Key) .Where(g => g.Count > 1) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Group.Key, Count = g.Count }); foreach (var racer in query2) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
{ Country = UK, Count = 8 }
{ Country = Brazil, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Finland, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Australia, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Austria, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Italy, Count = 2 }
{ Country = USA, Count = 2 }
相应的lambda表达式：
var query3 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let count=g.Count() orderby count descending, g.Key where count > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = count }; foreach (var racer in query3) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
2、复合的From子句
业务说明：筛选驾驶法拉利的所有冠军
var ferrariDrivers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() from c in r.Cars where c == "Ferrari" orderby r.LastName select r.FirstName + " " + r.LastName; foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
Alberto Ascari
Juan Manuel Fangio
Mike Hawthorn
Phil Hill
Niki Lauda
Kimi Räikkönen
Jody Scheckter
Michael Schumacher
John Surtees
C#编译器会把复合的from语句转换为SelectMany方法。
var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions() .SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c }) .Where(r => r.Car == "Ferrari") .OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName) .Select(r => r.Racer.FirstName + " " + r.Racer.LastName);
符合from子句，将子集合与复集合在同一个表平行展示。
var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions() .SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c }) .Where(r => r.Racer.Country == "UK") .OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName) .ThenBy(r => r.Car) .Select(r => r); foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer + " :" + racer.Racer.Cars); }
结果：
{ Racer = Jim Clark, Car = Lotus } :Lotus
{ Racer = Mike Hawthorn, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = BRM } :BRM
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = Lotus } :BRM
{ Racer = Damon Hill, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = James Hunt, Car = McLaren } :McLaren
{ Racer = Nigel Mansell, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Matra } :Matra
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Tyrrell } :Matra
{ Racer = John Surtees, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari
三、let子句
上面的例子：
var query8 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() };
上面的分组查询Count方法调用了多次。使用let子句可以改变这种形式
var query10 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let count = g.Count() orderby count descending, g.Key where count > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = count };
四、排序操作符
业务说明：来自英国的赛车手按照赢得比赛的次数进行降序排序
var query6 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() where r.Country == "UK" orderby r.Wins descending select r; foreach (var racer in query6) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
Nigel Mansell, UK; starts: 187, wins: 31
Jackie Stewart, UK; starts: 99, wins: 27
Jim Clark, UK; starts: 72, wins: 25
Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
James Hunt, UK; starts: 91, wins: 10
John Surtees, UK; starts: 111, wins: 6
Mike Hawthorn, UK; starts: 45, wins: 3
使用OrderBy()，OrderByDescending方式替换掉上面的写法：
var racers2 = Formula1.GetChampions() .Where(r => r.Country == "UK") .OrderByDescending(r => r.Wins) .Select(r => r);
使用ThenBy() 和 ThenByDescending() 方法继续排序进行二次排序
业务说明：获取车手冠军列表，并依次按照Country升序、LastName降序、FirstName升序进行排序。扩展方法 Take 提取前面 10 个元素。
// 查询表达式 var racers = (from r in Formula1.GetChampions() orderby r.Country, r.LastName descending, r.FirstName select r).Take(10); // 方法语法 var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .OrderBy(r => r.Country) .ThenByDescending(r => r.LastName) .ThenBy(r => r.FirstName).Take(10); foreach (var racer in racers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); } //Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24 //Alan Jones, Australia; starts: 115, wins: 12 //Jack Brabham, Australia; starts: 125, wins: 14 //Jochen Rindt, Austria; starts: 60, wins: 6 //Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25 //Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41 //Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23 //Emerson Fittipaldi, Brazil; starts: 143, wins: 14 //Jacques Villeneuve, Canada; starts: 165, wins: 11 //Keke Rosberg, Finland; starts: 114, wins: 5
五、分组操作符
根据一个关键字值对查询结果进行分组，使用 group 子句。
子句 group r by r.Country into g 根据 Country 属性组合。并定义一个新的标识符g，它以后用于访问分组的结果信息。
业务说明：列出每个国家的冠军数
var countries = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() }; foreach (var country in countries) { Console.WriteLine(format: "{0,-10} {1}", arg0: country.Country, arg1: country.Count); }
结果：
UK 8
Brazil 3
Finland 3
Australia 2
Austria 2
Italy 2
USA 2
使用扩展方法，子句 group r by r.Country into g 解析为 GroupBy(r => r.Country) 返回分组序列。
var countries = Formual.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count()) .ThenBy(g => g.Key) .Where(g => g.Count() > 1) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() });
返回值为 IEnumerable。
1、对嵌套的对象分组
分组的对象包含嵌套的序列，可以改变 select 子句创建的匿名类型。
业务说明：分组查询每个国家获得冠军的赛车手人数，人数必须大于3，返回国家名称、国家赛车手冠军数量、赛车手名称。
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() >= 3 select new { Country = g.Key, count = g.Count(), RacerNickName = from r1 in g orderby r1.FirstName select r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName }; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}",g.Country+" "+g.count); foreach (var element in g.RacerNickName) { Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}",element); } }
对应的扩展方法：
var query1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count()) .ThenBy(g => g.Key) .Where(g => g.Count() >= 3) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, count = g.Count(), RacerNickName = g.OrderBy(r1 => r1.FirstName).Select(r1 => r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName) });
结果：
UK 8
---Damon Hill
---Graham Hill
---Jackie Stewart
---James Hunt
---Jim Clark
---John Surtees
---Mike Hawthorn
---Nigel Mansell
Brazil 3
---Ayrton Senna
---Emerson Fittipaldi
---Nelson Piquet
Finland 3
---Keke Rosberg
---Kimi Räikkönen
---Mika Hakkinen
2、多字段分组
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by new { r.Country, r.LastName } into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key.Country, g.Key.LastName where g.Count() >= 1 select new { MyGroup = g.Key, count = g.Count(), Racers = g }; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g.MyGroup + " : " + g.count); foreach (var element in g.Racers) { Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}", element); } }
结果：
{ Country = UK, LastName = Hill } : 2
---Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
---Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
{ Country = Argentina, LastName = Fangio } : 1
---Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24。。。
3、分组后再每组里面仅取满足条件的行
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let maxId = g.Max(a => a.Wins) orderby g.Key where g.Count() >= 1 from row in g where row.Wins == maxId select row; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g); }
到此这篇关于C#使用LINQ查询操作符的文章就介绍到这了。希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持自由互联。
本文共计3768个文字，预计阅读时间需要16分钟。
目录+相关阅读+示例业务背景介绍+一、筛选操作符+结果：1、引⽤器筛选+2、类型筛选OfType+二、投影操作符+1、Select+子句+结果：对应的lambda表达式+2、复合的From子句+三、let子句+四、
目录
- 相关阅读
- 示例业务背景介绍
- 一、筛选操作符
- 结果：
- 1、索引器筛选
- 2、类型筛选OfType
- 二、投影操作符
- 1、Select 子句
- 结果：
- 相应的lambda表达式：
- 2、复合的From子句
- 三、let子句
- 四、排序操作符
- 使用ThenBy() 和 ThenByDescending() 方法继续排序进行二次排序
- 五、分组操作符
- 1、对嵌套的对象分组
- 2、多字段分组
- 3、分组后再每组里面仅取满足条件的行
相关阅读
C#使用LINQ查询操作符实例代码(一)
C#使用LINQ查询操作符实例代码(二)
示例业务背景介绍
示例参考《C#高级编程（第六版）》LINQ章节（P267 - P296），进行改编。
打开示例代码我们看到：
1、Racer.cs车手冠军信息类
定义一级方程式世界车手冠军信息。
2、Team.cs车队冠军信息类
定义一级方程式世界车队冠军信息。
3、Formula1.cs 一级方程式类
包含两个重要静态方法：（F1是"Formula One"的缩写）
- GetChampions()：返回一组车手列表。这个列表包含了1950到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车手冠军。
- GetContructorChampions()：返回一组车队列表。这个列表包含了1985到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车队冠军。
[Serializable] public class Racer : IComparable<Racer>, IFormattable, IEquatable<Racer> { public string FirstName { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public int Wins { get; set; } public string Country { get; set; } public int Starts { get; set; } public string[] Cars { get; set; } public int[] Years { get; set; } public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) { switch (format) { case null: case "N": return ToString(); case "F": return FirstName; case "L": return LastName; case "C": return Country; case "S": return Starts.ToString(); case "W": return Wins.ToString(); case "A": return String.Format("{0} {1}, {2}; starts: {3}, wins: {4}", FirstName, LastName, Country, Starts, Wins); default: throw new FormatException(String.Format( "Format {0} not supported", format)); } } public bool Equals(Racer other) { return this.FirstName == other.FirstName && this.LastName == other.LastName; } public int CompareTo(Racer other) { return this.LastName.CompareTo(other.LastName); } public string ToString(string format) { return ToString(format, null); } public override string ToString() { return String.Format("{0} {1}", FirstName, LastName); } } public class Team { public string Name { get; set; } public int[] Years { get; set; } } public class Formula1 { //返回车手冠军列表 public static List<Racer> GetChampions() { List<Racer> racers = new List<Racer>(40); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nino", LastName = "Farina", Country = "Italy", Starts = 33, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1950 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alberto", LastName = "Ascari", Country = "Italy", Starts = 32, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1952, 1953 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Juan Manuel", LastName = "Fangio", Country = "Argentina", Starts = 51, Wins = 24, Years = new int[] { 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo", "Maserati", "Mercedes", "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mike", LastName = "Hawthorn", Country = "UK", Starts = 45, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1958 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Phil", LastName = "Hill", Country = "USA", Starts = 48, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1961 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "John", LastName = "Surtees", Country = "UK", Starts = 111, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1964 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Clark", Country = "UK", Starts = 72, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jack", LastName = "Brabham", Country = "Australia", Starts = 125, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960, 1966 }, Cars = new string[] { "Cooper", "Brabham" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Denny", LastName = "Hulme", Country = "New Zealand", Starts = 112, Wins = 8, Years = new int[] { 1967 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Graham", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 176, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1962, 1968 }, Cars = new string[] { "BRM", "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jochen", LastName = "Rindt", Country = "Austria", Starts = 60, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1970 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jackie", LastName = "Stewart", Country = "UK", Starts = 99, Wins = 27, Years = new int[] { 1969, 1971, 1973 }, Cars = new string[] { "Matra", "Tyrrell" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Emerson", LastName = "Fittipaldi", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 143, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1972, 1974 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus", "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "James", LastName = "Hunt", Country = "UK", Starts = 91, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1976 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mario", LastName = "Andretti", Country = "USA", Starts = 128, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1978 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jody", LastName = "Scheckter", Country = "South Africa", Starts = 112, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1979 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alan", LastName = "Jones", Country = "Australia", Starts = 115, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1980 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Keke", LastName = "Rosberg", Country = "Finland", Starts = 114, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1982 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Niki", LastName = "Lauda", Country = "Austria", Starts = 173, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1975, 1977, 1984 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari", "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nelson", LastName = "Piquet", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 204, Wins = 23, Years = new int[] { 1981, 1983, 1987 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham", "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Ayrton", LastName = "Senna", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 161, Wins = 41, Years = new int[] { 1988, 1990, 1991 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nigel", LastName = "Mansell", Country = "UK", Starts = 187, Wins = 31, Years = new int[] { 1992 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alain", LastName = "Prost", Country = "France", Starts = 197, Wins = 51, Years = new int[] { 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren", "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Damon", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 114, Wins = 22, Years = new int[] { 1996 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jacques", LastName = "Villeneuve", Country = "Canada", Starts = 165, Wins = 11, Years = new int[] { 1997 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mika", LastName = "Hakkinen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 160, Wins = 20, Years = new int[] { 1998, 1999 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Schumacher", Country = "Germany", Starts = 250, Wins = 91, Years = new int[] { 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 }, Cars = new string[] { "Benetton", "Ferrari" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Fernando", LastName = "Alonso", Country = "Spain", Starts = 105, Wins = 19, Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 }, Cars = new string[] { "Renault" } }); racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Kimi", LastName = "Räikkönen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 122, Wins = 15, Years = new int[] { 2007 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } }); return racers; } //返回车队冠军列表 public static List<Team> GetContructorChampions() { List<Team> teams = new List<Team>(20); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Vanwall", Years = new int[] { 1958 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Cooper", Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Ferrari", Years = new int[] { 1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "BRM", Years = new int[] { 1962 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Lotus", Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1978 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Brabham", Years = new int[] { 1966, 1967 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Matra", Years = new int[] { 1969 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Tyrrell", Years = new int[] { 1971 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "McLaren", Years = new int[] { 1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Williams", Years = new int[] { 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Benetton", Years = new int[] { 1995 } }); teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Renault", Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 } }); return teams; } }
一、筛选操作符
where子句合并多个表达式。 根据条件返回匹配元素的集合IEnumerable。
业务说明：找出赢得至少15场比赛的英国和奥地利赛车手。
var racers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() where r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria") select r; foreach (var racer in racers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
下面代码有Where扩展方法Where和Select调用。
var racers = Formula1.GetChampions(). Where(r => r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria")). Select(r => r);
结果：
//Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25
//Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23
//Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41
1、索引器筛选
索引是筛选器返回的每个结果的计数器。下面由Where扩展方法调用， 使用索引返回。
业务说明：找出上述的、索引为偶数的赛车手
var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .Where((r, index)=> r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria") && index % 2 != 0) .Select(r => r);
结果：
Nelson Piquet
2、类型筛选OfType
基于类型筛选，使用 OfType 扩展方法。
业务说明：取出下面所有int类型的参数
object[] data = { "one", 1, 2, "li" }; var query = data.OfType<int>(); foreach (var intValue in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0}", intValue); } //1 //2
例2：取出下面racer类型的值
IList mixedList = new ArrayList(); mixedList.Add( Formula1.GetChampions()[0]); mixedList.Add(Formula1.GetContructorChampions()[0]); mixedList.Add("Two"); mixedList.Add(3); var query = mixedList.OfType<Racer>(); foreach (var item in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0}", item); }
二、投影操作符
1、Select 子句
将序列的每个元素经过lambda表达式处理后投影到一个新类型元素上。
（与SelectMany不同在于，若单个元素投影到IEnumerable，Select不会对多个IEnumerable进行合并）
用Select方法创建匿名类型
var query2 = Formula1.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .Select(g => new { Group = g, Count = g.Count() }) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count) .ThenBy(g => g.Group.Key) .Where(g => g.Count > 1) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Group.Key, Count = g.Count }); foreach (var racer in query2) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
{ Country = UK, Count = 8 }
{ Country = Brazil, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Finland, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Australia, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Austria, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Italy, Count = 2 }
{ Country = USA, Count = 2 }
相应的lambda表达式：
var query3 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let count=g.Count() orderby count descending, g.Key where count > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = count }; foreach (var racer in query3) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
2、复合的From子句
业务说明：筛选驾驶法拉利的所有冠军
var ferrariDrivers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() from c in r.Cars where c == "Ferrari" orderby r.LastName select r.FirstName + " " + r.LastName; foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
Alberto Ascari
Juan Manuel Fangio
Mike Hawthorn
Phil Hill
Niki Lauda
Kimi Räikkönen
Jody Scheckter
Michael Schumacher
John Surtees
C#编译器会把复合的from语句转换为SelectMany方法。
var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions() .SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c }) .Where(r => r.Car == "Ferrari") .OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName) .Select(r => r.Racer.FirstName + " " + r.Racer.LastName);
符合from子句，将子集合与复集合在同一个表平行展示。
var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions() .SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c }) .Where(r => r.Racer.Country == "UK") .OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName) .ThenBy(r => r.Car) .Select(r => r); foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer + " :" + racer.Racer.Cars); }
结果：
{ Racer = Jim Clark, Car = Lotus } :Lotus
{ Racer = Mike Hawthorn, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = BRM } :BRM
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = Lotus } :BRM
{ Racer = Damon Hill, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = James Hunt, Car = McLaren } :McLaren
{ Racer = Nigel Mansell, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Matra } :Matra
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Tyrrell } :Matra
{ Racer = John Surtees, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari
三、let子句
上面的例子：
var query8 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() };
上面的分组查询Count方法调用了多次。使用let子句可以改变这种形式
var query10 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let count = g.Count() orderby count descending, g.Key where count > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = count };
四、排序操作符
业务说明：来自英国的赛车手按照赢得比赛的次数进行降序排序
var query6 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() where r.Country == "UK" orderby r.Wins descending select r; foreach (var racer in query6) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); }
结果：
Nigel Mansell, UK; starts: 187, wins: 31
Jackie Stewart, UK; starts: 99, wins: 27
Jim Clark, UK; starts: 72, wins: 25
Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
James Hunt, UK; starts: 91, wins: 10
John Surtees, UK; starts: 111, wins: 6
Mike Hawthorn, UK; starts: 45, wins: 3
使用OrderBy()，OrderByDescending方式替换掉上面的写法：
var racers2 = Formula1.GetChampions() .Where(r => r.Country == "UK") .OrderByDescending(r => r.Wins) .Select(r => r);
使用ThenBy() 和 ThenByDescending() 方法继续排序进行二次排序
业务说明：获取车手冠军列表，并依次按照Country升序、LastName降序、FirstName升序进行排序。扩展方法 Take 提取前面 10 个元素。
// 查询表达式 var racers = (from r in Formula1.GetChampions() orderby r.Country, r.LastName descending, r.FirstName select r).Take(10); // 方法语法 var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .OrderBy(r => r.Country) .ThenByDescending(r => r.LastName) .ThenBy(r => r.FirstName).Take(10); foreach (var racer in racers) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer); } //Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24 //Alan Jones, Australia; starts: 115, wins: 12 //Jack Brabham, Australia; starts: 125, wins: 14 //Jochen Rindt, Austria; starts: 60, wins: 6 //Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25 //Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41 //Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23 //Emerson Fittipaldi, Brazil; starts: 143, wins: 14 //Jacques Villeneuve, Canada; starts: 165, wins: 11 //Keke Rosberg, Finland; starts: 114, wins: 5
五、分组操作符
根据一个关键字值对查询结果进行分组，使用 group 子句。
子句 group r by r.Country into g 根据 Country 属性组合。并定义一个新的标识符g，它以后用于访问分组的结果信息。
业务说明：列出每个国家的冠军数
var countries = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() > 1 select new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() }; foreach (var country in countries) { Console.WriteLine(format: "{0,-10} {1}", arg0: country.Country, arg1: country.Count); }
结果：
UK 8
Brazil 3
Finland 3
Australia 2
Austria 2
Italy 2
USA 2
使用扩展方法，子句 group r by r.Country into g 解析为 GroupBy(r => r.Country) 返回分组序列。
var countries = Formual.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count()) .ThenBy(g => g.Key) .Where(g => g.Count() > 1) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() });
返回值为 IEnumerable。
1、对嵌套的对象分组
分组的对象包含嵌套的序列，可以改变 select 子句创建的匿名类型。
业务说明：分组查询每个国家获得冠军的赛车手人数，人数必须大于3，返回国家名称、国家赛车手冠军数量、赛车手名称。
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key where g.Count() >= 3 select new { Country = g.Key, count = g.Count(), RacerNickName = from r1 in g orderby r1.FirstName select r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName }; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}",g.Country+" "+g.count); foreach (var element in g.RacerNickName) { Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}",element); } }
对应的扩展方法：
var query1 = Formula1.GetChampions() .GroupBy(r => r.Country) .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count()) .ThenBy(g => g.Key) .Where(g => g.Count() >= 3) .Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, count = g.Count(), RacerNickName = g.OrderBy(r1 => r1.FirstName).Select(r1 => r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName) });
结果：
UK 8
---Damon Hill
---Graham Hill
---Jackie Stewart
---James Hunt
---Jim Clark
---John Surtees
---Mike Hawthorn
---Nigel Mansell
Brazil 3
---Ayrton Senna
---Emerson Fittipaldi
---Nelson Piquet
Finland 3
---Keke Rosberg
---Kimi Räikkönen
---Mika Hakkinen
2、多字段分组
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by new { r.Country, r.LastName } into g orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key.Country, g.Key.LastName where g.Count() >= 1 select new { MyGroup = g.Key, count = g.Count(), Racers = g }; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g.MyGroup + " : " + g.count); foreach (var element in g.Racers) { Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}", element); } }
结果：
{ Country = UK, LastName = Hill } : 2
---Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
---Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
{ Country = Argentina, LastName = Fangio } : 1
---Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24。。。
3、分组后再每组里面仅取满足条件的行
var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions() group r by r.Country into g let maxId = g.Max(a => a.Wins) orderby g.Key where g.Count() >= 1 from row in g where row.Wins == maxId select row; foreach (var g in query) { Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g); }
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