雪花算法SnowFlake如何实现分布式系统中唯一ID的生成？

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Twitter的雪花算法SnowFlake，用Java语言实现。雪花算法用于生成64位的ID，足以用long整型存储，适用于分布式系统中生成唯一的ID，且生成的ID具有高序性。本次实现中，雪花算法主要包括以下步骤：

Twitter的雪花算法SnowFlake，使用Java语言实现。

SnowFlake算法用来生成64位的ID，刚好可以用long整型存储，能够用于分布式系统中生产唯一的ID， 并且生成的ID有大致的顺序。 在这次实现中，生成的64位ID可以分成5个部分：

0 - 41位时间戳 - 5位数据中心标识 - 5位机器标识 - 12位序列号

5位数据中心标识跟5位机器标识这样的分配仅仅是当前实现中分配的，如果业务有其实的需要，可以按其它的分配比例分配，如10位机器标识，不需要数据中心标识。

生成雪花算法的类，需要使用单例模式，并且需要保证线程安全。

代码来源：github.com/beyondfengyu/SnowFlake

/** * twitter的snowflake算法 -- java实现 * * @author beyond * @date 2016/11/26 */ public class SnowFlake { /** * 起始的时间戳 */ private final static long START_STMP = 1480166465631L; /** * 每一部分占用的位数 */ private final static long SEQUENCE_BIT = 12; //序列号占用的位数 private final static long MACHINE_BIT = 5; //机器标识占用的位数 private final static long DATACENTER_BIT = 5;//数据中心占用的位数 /** * 每一部分的最大值 */ private final static long MAX_DATACENTER_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_BIT); private final static long MAX_MACHINE_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << MACHINE_BIT); private final static long MAX_SEQUENCE = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BIT); /** * 每一部分向左的位移 */ private final static long MACHINE_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT; private final static long DATACENTER_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT + MACHINE_BIT; private final static long TIMESTMP_LEFT = DATACENTER_LEFT + DATACENTER_BIT; private long datacenterId; //数据中心 private long machineId; //机器标识 private long sequence = 0L; //序列号 private long lastStmp = -1L;//上一次时间戳 public SnowFlake(long datacenterId, long machineId) { if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_NUM || datacenterId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than MAX_DATACENTER_NUM or less than 0"); } if (machineId > MAX_MACHINE_NUM || machineId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("machineId can't be greater than MAX_MACHINE_NUM or less than 0"); } this.datacenterId = datacenterId; this.machineId = machineId; } /** * 产生下一个ID * * @return */ public synchronized long nextId() { long currStmp = getNewstmp(); if (currStmp < lastStmp) { throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id"); } if (currStmp == lastStmp) { //相同毫秒内，序列号自增 sequence = (sequence + 1) & MAX_SEQUENCE; //同一毫秒的序列数已经达到最大 if (sequence == 0L) { currStmp = getNextMill(); } } else { //不同毫秒内，序列号置为0 sequence = 0L; } lastStmp = currStmp; return (currStmp - START_STMP) << TIMESTMP_LEFT //时间戳部分 | datacenterId << DATACENTER_LEFT //数据中心部分 | machineId << MACHINE_LEFT //机器标识部分 | sequence; //序列号部分 } private long getNextMill() { long mill = getNewstmp(); while (mill <= lastStmp) { mill = getNewstmp(); } return mill; } private long getNewstmp() { return System.currentTimeMillis(); } public static void main(String[] args) { SnowFlake snowFlake = new SnowFlake(2, 3); for (int i = 0; i < (1 << 12); i++) { System.out.println(snowFlake.nextId()); } } }

hutool工具包版本雪花算法：

<dependency> <groupId>cn.hutool</groupId> <artifactId>hutool-all</artifactId> <version>5.3.10</version> </dependency>

@Component @Slf4j public class SnowflakeConfig { @JsonFormat(shape = JsonFormat.Shape.STRING) private long workerId = 0;//为终端ID private long datacenterId = 1;//数据中心ID private Snowflake snowflake = IdUtil.createSnowflake(workerId,datacenterId); @PostConstruct public void init(){ workerId = NetUtil.ipv4ToLong(NetUtil.getLocalhostStr()); log.info("当前机器的workId:{}",workerId); } public synchronized long snowflakeId(){ return snowflake.nextId(); } public synchronized long snowflakeId(long workerId,long datacenterId){ Snowflake snowflake = IdUtil.createSnowflake(workerId, datacenterId); return snowflake.nextId(); } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(NetUtil.getLocalhostStr()); } }

容器环境下，解决不同实例机器id重复问题：

@Component public class SnowFlake { /** * 起始的时间戳 */ private final static long START_STMP = 1480166465631L; /** * 每一部分占用的位数 */ private final static long SEQUENCE_BIT = 12; //序列号占用的位数 private final static long MACHINE_BIT = 5; //机器标识占用的位数 private final static long DATACENTER_BIT = 5;//数据中心占用的位数 /** * 每一部分的最大值 */ private final static long MAX_DATACENTER_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_BIT); private final static long MAX_MACHINE_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << MACHINE_BIT); private final static long MAX_SEQUENCE = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BIT); /** * 每一部分向左的位移 */ private final static long MACHINE_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT; private final static long DATACENTER_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT + MACHINE_BIT; private final static long TIMESTMP_LEFT = DATACENTER_LEFT + DATACENTER_BIT; private long datacenterId; //数据中心 private long machineId; //机器标识 private long sequence = 0L; //序列号 private long lastStmp = -1L;//上一次时间戳 private static SnowFlake snowFlake; public SnowFlake(long datacenterId, long machineId) { if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_NUM || datacenterId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than MAX_DATACENTER_NUM or less than 0"); } if (machineId > MAX_MACHINE_NUM || machineId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("machineId can't be greater than MAX_MACHINE_NUM or less than 0"); } this.datacenterId = datacenterId; this.machineId = machineId; } public static long getNextId() { return snowFlake.nextId(); } /** * 产生下一个ID * * @return */ public synchronized long nextId() { long currStmp = getNewstmp(); if (currStmp < lastStmp) { throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id"); } if (currStmp == lastStmp) { //相同毫秒内，序列号自增 sequence = (sequence + 1) & MAX_SEQUENCE; //同一毫秒的序列数已经达到最大 if (sequence == 0L) { currStmp = getNextMill(); } } else { //不同毫秒内，序列号置为0 sequence = 0L; } lastStmp = currStmp; return (currStmp - START_STMP) << TIMESTMP_LEFT //时间戳部分 | datacenterId << DATACENTER_LEFT //数据中心部分 | machineId << MACHINE_LEFT //机器标识部分 | sequence; //序列号部分 } private long getNextMill() { long mill = getNewstmp(); while (mill <= lastStmp) { mill = getNewstmp(); } return mill; } private long getNewstmp() { return System.currentTimeMillis(); } @Autowired private RedisTemplate<String, String> redisTemplate; @PostConstruct public void initWorkerId() { Long increment = redisTemplate.opsForValue().increment("snow_flake_key"); // long machineId = (increment % (MAX_MACHINE_NUM + 1)); long machineId = (increment % 32L); snowFlake = new SnowFlake(1, machineId); } }

缺点：一部分机器很稳定，一部分部机器在频繁重启，还是会出现机器id重复，只要能保证每次都是全部实例重启就可以了。